Vol. 15(4) December 2011
Fingerprint Detection of Nitroaromatic Pollutants
using 266 nm Ultraviolet Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
Pei Kemei, Chen Lin and Zheng Xuming
The 266 nm excited resonance Raman spectra of nitroaromatic
pollutants in water were measured at different concentrations. The fingerprint bands
of nitroaromatic pollutants are the strong fundamental, overtone and combination
bands of the aromatic ring C=C stretch and NO2 symmetric stretch. In the concentration
range 40 -500 uM/L, the intensity of NO2 symmetric stretch increases linearly. 266
nm ultraviolet resonance Raman technique enables detection of nitroaromatic compounds
at 4×10-5 mol/L (about 6 ppm concentration) and is proved to be a robust method
for the on-line or off-line spectroscopic detection of nitroaromatic pollutants.
Full Text
Effects of Resuspension on the transfer and Transformation
of Nitrogen and Phosphorus species at Sediments-Water Interface in Simulative Lake
System
Peng Hong
The effects of resuspension on the transfer and transformation
of the nitrogen and phosphorus species at the sediments- water interface in simulative
lake system were investigated. The concentrations of different species of nitrogen
and phosphorus under different conditions in the water and sediments were determined
respectively. Results showed that at the higher disturbance frequency, the more
ammonia was released from the surface sediments and the equilibrium of total phosphorus
concentration in water can be arrived in a short time.
Full Text
Effects of Soil Treatments amended with Organic Manure
on Lubricant Oil Degradation
Gopamma D. and Srinivas N.
The use of organic manure or compost in bioremediation
of oil sludge is gaining importance. The effect of organic manure on biodegradation
of soil contaminated with lubricant oil was investigated. The soils contained in
plastics bags were contaminated with lubricant oil at the rate of 5g/kg. The soil
samples were amended with organic manure at different proportions such as 5%, 10%,
25%, 50%, and 75%. The experimental samples were setup and monitored for period
of 30 days. The control and treatment of soil samples were characterized for pH,
microbial respiration, organic carbon and heterotrophic bacterial count. The experiment
results showed enhanced biodegradation of lubricant oil due to organic manure addition.
The maximum removal was 19.8% after four week study period at 75% of amendment.
The result showed that nutrient supplementation enhanced the biodegradation rate
of lubricant oil.
Full Text
The influence of a new-synthesized Zinc(II) Dithiocarbamate
Complex on Fungus Phomopsis viticola Sacc
Leka Zorica and Latinović Nedeljko
A new zinc(II) complex is synthesized with the recently
derived polydentate dithiocarbamate ligand, triammonium-N-dithiocarboxyiminodiacetate(NH4)3L.
The complex is characterized by microanalysis and IR spectroscopy. The IR spectrum
study of the complex suggests that dithiocarbamate ligand coordinates to zinc(II)
ion through the sulfur atoms from the dithiocarbamate group. Fungi toxicity of the
derived zinc complex, as well as already used dithiocarbamate ligand, was tested
on fungus Phomopsis viticola which causes Phomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot diseases
of grapevine. Given results were then compared to the efficacy of the commercial
dithiocarbamate fungicide- mancozeb used for control of this disease.
Full Text
Pervaporation of Water–Isopropanol Mixtures through
Ferrierite Zeolite Membrane
Sharma Aarti and Tomar Radha
Ferrierite zeolite membrane was successfully prepared
by hydrothermal synthesis. Crystallization was carried out at a static condition
under autogenously high pressure and temperature of 1800C. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
pattern of ferrierite and its membrane shows similar peaks. The crystal species
were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Elemental detection of
ferrierite zeolite was carried out by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and different
groups present in ferrierite zeolite can be determined by Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR). Effect of various parameters such as separation time, temperature,
molar concentration of water-isopropanol mixture and amount of zeolite on pervaporation
of water –isopropanol mixtures has been studied. Membrane was analyzed and it was
observed that selectivity increased simultaneously with increase in zeolite content
in the mixture. It can be explained on the basis of enhancement of hydrophilicity,
selective adsorption and molecular sieving action including reduction of pore size
of membrane matrix. Selective separation of the membrane was determined with the
help of Gas Chromatography.
Full Text
Pyrene Removal by White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete Chrysosporium
immobilized on Sugarcane Bagasse
Khodddam Masoumeh , Nasernejad Bahram , Khoddam Mohammad Ali and Mehrnia Mohammad
Reza
Effect of pyrene concentration on Phanerochaete chrysosporium
growth and its manganese peroxidase activity, both in form of free cell and on-bagasse
immobilized were studied. Experiments were conducted at pyrene concentrations of
50, 100 and 200 mg/L and each time biodegradation extent was measured till 10 days
after pyrene injection. Biomass dry weight of the fungus increased with pyrene concentration
and its largest value, considering both free cell and immobilized forms, pertained
to the case with 200 mg/L and corresponded to 2.1 and 6.2 g/L respectively. The
enzyme activity exhibited a declining trend with pyrene concentration increase up
to 200 mg/L for the free cell form which attributed to the inhibitive role of pyrene
within the culture medium. In the immobilized form, the enzyme activity increased
up to a peak (23 U/L) at concentration of 100 mg/L followed by a descending zone
where the counteracting factor of immobilization against pyrene inhibitory effect
is overweighed by high pyrene concentrations. Also, the time needed to observe the
highest enzyme activity was lowered from 7 to 4 days. It was found that the use
of bagasse-immobilized P. chrysosporium would hinder inhibitory effect of pyrene
up to a specific extent and thus will favor its biodegradation.
Full Text
The Bioleaching Effect of Mine Tailings by Acidithiobacillus
Ferrooxidans within Direct Current Magnetics
Li Dou, Li Dongwei and Lu Lili
Mine tailings from the chalcopyrite flotation process
contain several elements (such as As, Cd and Cu) which are harmful if they are released
to the soil and underground water. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the
bioleaching effect of mine tailings by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans within direct
current magnetics. The dissolved As, Cd, Cu and Fe concen- trations were studied
at 32 oC with 5% pulp density in bioreactor and the experiment performed for 24
days in the 9K basal medium ( without FeSO4.7H2O) at the initial pH=2. A control
experiment was set without DC magnetics. The results showed that the dissolved As
and Cd concentrations of control test were always higher than that of DC magnetics
test. DC magnetics improved the bioleaching effect of Cu and Fe and DC magnetics
might change the structure of water molecule to alter the solvent nature.
Full Text
HPLC-ICP-MS Speciation Analysis of Arsenic in River
Water of Sungai Kinta Malaysia
Baharuddin Norshidah, Saim Norashikin , Osman Rozita, Zain Sharifuddin Md. , Juahir
Hafizan and Siti Rafzah Saari
The toxicity and carcinogenicity of arsenic depend on
its species. A procedure for the separation of the arsenic species namely arsenite
As (III) and arsenate As (V) by liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS) is described. It has been successfully applied
to the analysis of arsenic in river water of Sungai Kinta, Malaysia. No interference
of 40 Ar, 35Cl and 75As was observed using the developed method. The separation
of arsenic species produced peaks of As (III) at 1.6 min and As (V) at 4.8 min.
The detection limits were found to be 1.0 and 0.5 ppb for As (III) and As (V) respectively.
Standard addition method confirmed the accuracy with acceptable recoveries of As
(III) and As (V). The results revealed that As (V) was more prominent than As (III)
in most sampling sites.
Full Text
Preparation and Modification of Activated Carbon from
Oil-Palm Shell and its Adsorption Capacity through Speciation of Chromium
Rahman M. M. and Yusof A. M.
A preparation and modification of activated carbon from
oil-palm shell has been investigated in this paper. A pretreatment method has been
established to avoid partial fusion and swelling in the carbonization stage. Carbonization
has been studied at different temperatures and the structure of the microporous
chars has been characterized. Activated carbon has been prepared from steam gasification
of chars obtained at 800 OC. This activation increases both total and narrow microporosity
and develops a substantial mesoporosity. Activated carbon with different pore size
distribution is impregnated with zirconium chloride and iron chloride salts to give
impregnated carbon with different metals loading. The presence of active metal on
an impregnated activated carbon surface greatly affects the adsorption affinity
since some inorganic compounds will then be adsorbed preferentially.
Full Text
Properties of the Sintered Product based on Electrofilter
Ash depending on the Mineral Content of Binder
Krgovic Milun, ZejaRadomir K., Ivanovic Mileta, Vukcevic Mira, Boskovic Ivana, Knezevic
Milos and Zlaticanin Biljana
The aim of the investigation was to determine the influence
of the mineral content of clay as a binder on the properties of the sintered product
based on electrofilter ash. Electrofilter ash was used as a component of the raw
material mixture. The second component was illite-kaolinite clay. Four types of
illite-kaolinite clays were used to investigate the influence of their mineral content
on the properties of the sintered product with regard to the linear and volume shrinkage,
total porosity and compression strength. The ash content in two-component raw material
mixtures was constant (30 wt%) and the comparison of the named properties was performed
on the basis of the mineral content of clay as a binder.
Full Text
Facile Synthesis of Some N-Ethoxyphthalimido-4-(5-(4-Substitutedphenyl)-3-Phenyl-4,5-Dihydropyrazol-1-Yl)-2-Substitutedphenyl-1Hbenzo[B][1,5]
Diazepine
Hussain Nasir, Dangi Rajaram and Talesara Ganpat L.
Pyrazolo benzodiazepine compounds contai- ning alkoxyph
thalimide moiety have been synthesized through a multiple step pathway starting
from chalcone la-c. Cyclization of these with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid yielded
1-[5-(4-substitutedphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone 2a-c. Base
catalyzed condensation of 2a-c with various aldehydes yielded 3-(4-substitutedphenyl)-1-(5-(4-substitutedphenyl)-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
3a-f. These compounds on treatment with o-phenylenediamine gave compounds 4a-f.
These 4a-f on refluxing with bromoethoxyphthalimide yielded final compounds N-ethoxyphthalimido-4-(5-(4-substitutedphenyl)-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-2-substitutedphenyl-1H
ben zo[b][1,5] diazepine 5a-f. In another path way chalcones 1a-c were refluxed
with o-phenyl- enediamine gave2-(4-substitutedphenyl)-4-phenyl-1H-1,5-benzod -iaz
epine 6a-c. In final step 6a-c on treatment with bromoethoxyphthalimide gave compounds
N-ethoxyphthalimido-2-(4-substitutedphenyl) -4- phenyl-1H-1,5-benzo diazepine
7a-c.
Full Text
Thermal Degradation Studies of HTPB Based Polymer
with the Influence of Chromium Based Catalysts
Pandey M., Jha S., Jha A. and Jha R.R.
The thermal degradation of HTPB based polymer has been
analysed with the influence of chromium based catalysts through thermo gravimetric
analyser (TGA). The TGA results reveal that cured HTPB degraded in two steps one
at lower and other at high temperature zone. Among the additives, the degradation
of HTPB at lower temperature zone is found to accelerate with Copper Chromate and
delayed with Ammonium dichromate (ADC), Potassium dichrate(KDC), Lead chromate(PbC)
and Cr2O3. Before reaching the high temperature degradation zone, cyclisation reaction
is found to dominate over the degradation, as a result a slow degradation is recorded
with HTPB. Ammonium dichromate (ADC), Potassium dichrate(KDC) and Cr2O3 are found
effective in the second region. These catalysts accelerated polymeric degradation
over the cyclisation process preponed the second zone degradation. The kinetic energies
are calculated higher for all catalysed system in the first degradation zone and
lower values in the second degradation zone than uncatalysed system.
Full Text
Quantifying Spatial Variability of Peat Soil Carbon
and Nitrogen using Infrared Spectroscopy, Statistical and Geo-Statistical Models
Aslan Guler , Fatih Evrendilek and Nusret Karakaya
Chemical and biological analyses of soil carbon (C) and
nitrogen (N) are time-consuming or require fresh material in cases of intensive
in situ sampling. Infrared spectroscopy is one of the rapid and non-destructive
methods that can be applied to a large number of soil samples. In this study, Attenuated
Total Reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the range
of 600 to 4000 cm-1 was assessed using partial least squares (PLS) regression model
to predict total C and N of peat soils. ATR/FTIR-based PLS models had r2 values
of about 0.8 for fitted functions and 0.7 for leave-one-out cross-validations. Using
an independent dataset to compare soil C and N values estimated by ATR/FTIR-based
PLS models versus those measured using CHN elemental analyzer led to r2 value of
0.97 for both soil C and N. The combined use of ATR/FTIR-based PLS models and inverse
distance weighting (IDW) interpolation appears to be a promising method to estimate
total C and N of peat soils for rapid data acquisition across spatially extensive
areas.
Full Text
A study of Age Related Decrease in Zinc and Chromium
and its Correlations with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Singh Ruchi and Kumar Ashok
The aim of this study was to compare the levels of zinc
and chromium in serum samples (fasting and postprandial) of type 2 diabetic (NIDDM)
subjects age ranged (30-75: n=56) with those of age matched non diabetics as normals
(n=40) of both genders and further access a correlationship on the basis of age.
The concentration was measured by means of an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
after wet acid digestion of serum samples. The results of this study showed significantly
lower level (p<0.001) both for zinc and chromium in fasting and postprandial samples
of diabetics than normals. Age wise decline in zinc and chromium status in human
serum was also observed. These results are in consistence with those of earlier
studies confirming that trace metals may play a role in the development of NIDDM
subjects.
Full Text
Assessment of Toxic Effects of Chloramphenicol in
Rats and its Amelioration by Coconut water
Dubey Chetan, Saxena Abhilasha, Gupta Rakhi, Singh Poonam, Bansode F.W. and Singh
R.K.
Chloramphenicol was administered at dose levels of 150
mg/kg in rats for 14 days which caused significant haematotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
Haematotoxicity and hepatotoxicity were reversed with the use of coconut water (20
ml/kg) in 14 Days establishing that coconut water has potential for amelioration
of chloramphenicol toxicity. Glucuronidation of chloramphenicol followed by its
elimination from the body is done by vitamins of group B (flavins) present in coconut
water on stimulation of metabolism of drug. Abundance of its aqueous enhances the
dilution effect which is responsible for rapid increase in degree of absorption
of chemicals in gastrointestinal tract.
Full Text
Eco-Friendly supported Nanoparticles as a Green Approach
Sadegh Rostamnia
Nanoparticles based on toxic properties of quantum dot
(Q.D.) have some limitation in environment and green applications. In view of the
great attention paid to the development of eco-friendly and green chemistry approaches
and based on recent advances in green support media, eco-friendly supported nanoparticles
are used as catalyst that have led to a rational approach to the design of new heterogeneous
green catalysts. Amongst the advantages of supported nanoparticles, the most significant
is their large size (no Q.D.) and hence they can accommodate a greater number of
eco-friendly surfaces such as clays, zeolites etc. for better catalytic activity
and green media under controlled conditions.
Full Text
A Review on Functionalized Ionic Liquids – based on
Benzimidazolium Cation: Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis
Muskawar Prashant Narayan, Sythana Suresh Kumar, Aswar Sachin Arunrao, Parasuraman
Karthikeyan and Bhagat Pundlik Rambhau
Functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) based on Benzimidazolium
cation as environmental friendly solvent and catalyst, high activity and selectivity
and easily recovered materials were used to replace traditional volatile organic
solvents which generally suffered from disadvantages such as waste products, corrosion
and environmental problems. Benzimidazole based ILS offered a new possibility for
developing environmentally friendly basic catalyst with transition metal (Ag, Pd).
They are flexible, nonvolatile, noncorrosive and immiscible with many organic solvents.
This review presents an overview of the preparation, extraction and applications
in various reactions like Alkylation, Esterification, Acetalization, Benzoin reaction
and Metal mediated catalyst in Suzuki, Suzuki Miyaura, Heak cross coupling and reduction,
also in Anion Sensor, Solar Cell, Proton Conduction, Malaria Parasite and Biodiesel.
Full Text