Vol. 15(2) June 2011
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by
a Novel Nonporous Carbonaceou Sorbent derived from Sucrose
Zhang Deyi 1, 2,*, Ma Ying 2, Feng Huixia 1, Wang Yi 1, 2 and Hao Yuan 2
In this paper, the possibility of the utilization of
a novel nonporous carbonaceou sorbent (NCS) derived from sucrose for removal of
Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of experimental
parameters, namely, pH, contact time and initial MB concentration for MB removal
were studied. Equilibrium data were mathematically modelled using the Langmuir,
Freundlich and Tempkin adsorption models to describe the equilibrium isotherms at
different temperature. It was found that the Langmuir equation fit better than the
Freundlich equation. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (Qm) calculated at different
temperatures (298, 308 and 318K) was 522.44, 787.96 and 914.77 mg/g, respectively.
Thermodynamic parameters and spectroscopy evidences of the adsorption process indicated
that the adsorption of MB onto NSC was endothermic and physical in nature. Comparing
with other sorbents reported in the literature, the reported sorbent exhibited more
effective and could be used as a potential substitute of activated carbon for organic
dye removal from waste water.
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Determination of bisphenol A in effluent water of
analogue MBR wastewater treatment system using high- performance liquid chromatography
Wenhua Song1,3*, Zhen Li1 and Feng Ding2
In this paper, the concentration of bisphenol A (BPA)
in the analogue MBR wastewater treatment system effluent was determined using high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then the toxicity of BPA to photobacterium phosphoreum
(P. phosphoreum) was measured. Liquid-liquid extraction method was used for the
pretreatment of water samples. In order to establish the liquid-liquid extraction-HPLC
method used for the determination of BPA, the influences caused by the species and
the usage amount of the extraction solvents in process of the liquid-liquid extraction
were discussed and the HPLC conditions were optimized. A good linear correlation
coefficient of the method linearity (R= 0.9997) was observed, and the detection
limit was 10.5μg/L at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The recoveries of BPA were between
94.16%~98.92% and the RSD of the determination were less than 6.9%. The monitoring
result about the effluent concentration of BPA was 1.240mg/L after operating the
analogue MBR wastewater treatment system for one month. The result of toxicity study
showed that 2μg/L BPA had low toxicity to P. phosphoreum, according to water quality-determination
of the acute toxicity of substance to the P. phosphoreum. This study established
an easy and accurate method for the determination of BPA in the water samples.
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Effects of Cyclodextrin on Photodegradation of 4,
4'- Sulfonyldiphenol in Aqueous Solution
Guo Li 1,2, Wang Beibei 1, Wu Feng 1* and Deng Nansheng 1
The inclusion effects of α- and β-cyclodextrin (α-CD,
β-CD) on the photodegradation of 4,4'-Sulfonyldiphenol (BPS) were investigated in
aqueous solution under UV irradiation (λ=254nm). The inclusion interaction of α-
and β-cyclodextrin with BPS was ascertained by UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The influence
of complexation with β-CD was found to enhance the light-induced decomposition of
BPS and that of α-CD inhibited BPS photodegradation, however β-CD inhibits photomineralization
of BPS. The kinetics of BPS photocatalytic degradation with different BPS initial
concentrations was investigated by first-order reaction model. The experiments demonstrated
that the change of pH and β-CD initial concentration could significantly affect
the photodegradation of BPS. The effects of cyclodextrin inclusion complexation
on photoreaction rate of BPS were also discussed on the basis of experimental data.
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Comparative performance of different white rot fungi
in decolorization of acid, direct and reactive textile azo dyes
Rani Chhavi, Jana Asim Kumar* and Bansal Ajay 121
Different white rot fungi were compared for their ability
to decolorize a wide range of structurally different acid, direct and reactive azo
dyes. P. chrysosporium, P. radiata and D. flavida showed better ability to decolorize
the dyes compared to P. sanguineus, F. flavus and T. hirsuta on agar plates. Favourable
culture conditions were identified to enhance the decolorization ability of P. chrysosporium,
P. radiata and D. flavida. Shaking of culture inhibited the decolorization of amaranth
by these strains. Under favourable conditions, more than 90% decolorization of amaranth
was observed in 5 days by D. flavida. Whereas, P. chrysosporium and P. radiata required
7 and 8 days respectively for more than 90% decolorization of amaranth. D. flavida
was found more efficient than P. chrysosporium and P. radiata. 99% decolorization
of amaranth, 74% decolorization of metanil yellow, 96% decolorization of trypan
blue, 63% decolorization of chlorazole black E and 42% decolorization of red M8B
was observed in 5 days with D. flavida. It is the first time that different white
rot fungi have been compared in terms of their ability to decolorize a wide range
of acid, direct and reactive azo dyes. The results would help in identifying an
efficient culture for effective decolorization of these azo dyes.
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Adsorption Characteristics of Pb(II) from aqueous
solution by fly ash
Xiaodong Liu1 and Hongqin Xue2*
This work examined the adsorption characteristics of
Pb(II) onto fly ash by batch adsorption experiments. After elementary characterization
of fly ash, different parameters influenced the Pb(II) adsorption process such as
contact time, different dosage level of adsorbent, initial pH and temperature have
been studied. Results showed that adsorption equilibrium attained within 80 minutes.
Increased in adsorbent dosage led to increased in Pb(II) adsorption due to increased
number of adsorption sites, however the rise rate of the removal ratio slack-off
after the adsorbent dosage exceeded 100 g/l. The optimum pH was found to be around
5.8. The optimum temperature for removal ratio of this adsorption process was 40oC.
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Rapid, Reliable and Validated Method to remove Sodium
Do Decyl Sulphate (SDS) from Waste Water of (Durg- Bhilai Region) by using Natural
Bioadsorbate
Sar Santosh K.*, Verma Chanda and Tomar Poornima
Present work deals with the removal of Sodium do decyl
sulphate by the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) and leaves of Ocimum sanctum
(Tulsi). The scope of the work is to investigate and search biosorbents for surfactant
(anionic) uptake, potential, batch equilibrium mode removal studies and kinetic
studies at varying pH 2-6, contact time biosorbent dosages (2–100 g/L) and initial
surfactant concentration (2-200 mg/L). The development of batch kinetic model and
determination of order studies were investigated. It was observed that pH had sharp
effect on the surfactant uptake. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to correlate
equilibrium data on sorption of surfactant (anionic by using both Karanj and Tulsi)
at room temperature 250C and pH 2–9 and different coefficients were calculated.
The biomass was successfully used for removal of surfactant from waste water which
is technically applicable and viable.
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Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption
of Congo Red From Aqueous Solution onto COCOA Shell Activated Carbon
Theivarasu C., Mylsamy S. and Sivakumar N.*12
The adsorption of Congo red (CR) by Cocoa Shell Activated
Carbon (CSAC) was investigated by varying the parameters such as agitation time,
concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and temperature. The results showed that as
the amount of the adsorbent increased, the percentage of dye removal increased accordingly.
Optimum pH value for dye adsorption was determined as ~6.0. The adsorption of CSAC
was found to be increasing with increase in temperature. Adsorption kinetics was
determined by pseudo first order and pseudo second order models to the experimental
data. The results indicated that the pseudo second- order model proving the best
description of CR onto CSAC. The experimental adsorption equilibrium data was analyzed
by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption models. Based
on correlation coefficient (r2) values, equilibrium data found fitted well to the
Langmuir isotherm. The thermodynamic parameters like ΔH_, ΔS_ and ΔG_ were measured
based on Van’t Hoff’s Plot. The thermodynamics of CR-CSAC system indicates endothermic
nature of process. The structure and morphological of activated carbon was characterized
by SEM analysis.
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Mathematical modeling for desalination by electrodialysis
Han Chunjie* and Yan Tie
Under this condition of direct current (DC), according
to the property that ion electromigration happens on the external electric field,
mathematical modeling for desalination by electrodialysis (ED) was established on
the basis of Na+ separation experimental data. A assumption was given to establish
the mathematical modeling: (1) quasi-steady state; (2) negligible electro-osmosis
transfer; (3) incompressible fluid; (4) this ion exchange membrane was ideal film
and had ideal selectivity for the ion transport; (5) this solution only contained
salt of sodium chloride. The mathematical modeling started from a differential equation
of steady-state mass balance, derived the equation and was validated by experiments.
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of voltages and flow rates
on ED cell performance and the model parameter was calculated using the outlet concentration
in the dilute compartment. The result showed that there is a good consistency between
the experimental and calculated data; it was found that the mathematical modeling
could be used to well predict the process.
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Water quality of Dhulikhel area, Nepal
1,2,Shrestha R. A. , Kafle B. K. 1 and Sillanpää M. 2*
This study consisted of the determination of the physiochemical
properties of different types of untreated water in Dhulikhel area of Nepal. The
aim was to ascertain the quality of river water, ground water and pond water. Only
the concentration of chloride exceeded the permissible limits of the World Health
Organization drinking water quality guidelines. The four out of five ponds had very
low dissolved oxygen content. In an average, the water in this area was slightly
polluted. A simple pre-treatment is enough to make the water potable.
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Biodegradation of Hydroquinone Using Sequential Batch
Reactor: A Preliminary Study of Industrial Effluent
Suresh S.
This paper presents the experimental results of a sequencing
batch reactor (SBR) treating synthetic hydroquinone (HQ) wastewater under identical
conditions of influent HQ concentration and aeration time. The performance of the
reactors was evaluated according to substrate removal efficiency, HQ profiles, sludge
settleability and effluent suspended solids concentration. The optimum value of
mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) concentration to be maintained in the reactor
is found to be 5012 mg/l. The optimum values of react and settle phase is found
to be 1.75 h and 0.75 h in a 5 h cycle i.e. 35% and 15% of the total cycle time.
The optimum value of aeration time shifted in fill phase is found to be fully aerated
and it is found that this concept of aerated fill phase shows considerable effect
on the removal efficiency of HQ. At influent HQ concentrations (100 mg/l), the SBR
performed better than the other influent concentration. However, when the influent
HQ concentration was high (>500 mg/l), HQ biodegrade was deceased and led to a reduction
in substrate removal efficiency and the growth of dispersed biomass. SVI of solutions
having initial concentration of 100 mg/1 and 500 mg/l treated at MLSS concentration
of 5012 mg/l was found to be 123.3 and 230.6, respectively. So the sludge obtained
was found to be light and bulky in nature which can be settled using appropriate
coagulants. From the filterability test the value of specific cake resistance (α)
and the value of filter media resistance (Rm) of the sludge were 7.543 × 1011 and
3.396× 108 1/m, respectively. Filterability test suggested that the specific cake
resistance (α) for the sludge wasted from SBR is very low as compare to that of
the sludge from the municipal sewage plant and has good filterability. The proximate
analysis shows moisture content, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon of sludge
were 0.78%, 67.2%, 21% and 11.02%, respectively. The heating value was found to
be 15.2 MJ/kg. The thermal analysis of the sludge showed the completion of the oxidation
process at 575 oC for the activated sludge with total degradation of 98%. The filtered
sludge can be dried and fired as fuel in the furnaces/incinerators for its heat
recovery.
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X-ray, Thermal and Biological studies of Ru(III),
Rh(III) and Pd(II) Schiff base metal complexes
Chavan V. L. and Mehta B. H. *
The Schiff base synthesized using 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde
and o-phenylene diamine was used to synthesize Ru(III), Rh(III) and Pd(II) complexes
using 1:1. metal: ligand stoichiometric proportion. Then Schiff base and its metal
complexes were characterized by various analytical techniques. The structures of
Schiff base and metal complexes were proposed on the basis of elemental analysis,
Molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and various analytical techniques viz.
UV-Vis., IR, 1H-NMR, X-ray and thermal analysis. Ru(III) and Rh(III) complexes may
exhibit octahedral geometries and Pd(II) may exhibit square planar geometry whereas
the Schiff base was appeared as tetradentate ligand. The Schiff base and its metal
complexes were screened for biological studies and its result indicate that they
exhibit moderate activity.
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α-mangostin and β-mangostin from Cratoxylum laucum
Wei Chung Sim, Gwendoline Cheng Lian Ee* and Sukari Mohd Aspollah
Our continuing interest in xanthones and anthraquinones
from the Cratoxylum genus has led us to look at Cratoxylum glaucum. This resulted
in the isolation of α-mangostin (1), β-mangostin (2), fuscaxanthone C (3), 3-geranyloxy-6-methyl-1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone
(4), β-sitosterol (5), 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methylanth-raquinone (6), stigmasterol
(7), friedelin (8) and betulinic acid (9). Structural elucidations of these compounds
were achieved by using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments. Cytotoxic assays
indicated that the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated cytotoxicity against
the MCF7 cancer cell line. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of
C. glaucum inhibited the HL-60 cancer cell line activity.
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Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity
and DNA cleavage activity studies of Metal (II) complexes with a benzofuran Schiff’s
base
Halli M. B. *, Vijayalaxmi and Patil B.
Metal complexes of the type MLX2, where M = Co (II),
Ni (II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II), X = Cl and L = PMBC, Schiff’s base
derived from the condensation of Benzofuran-2-carbohydrazide with Pyridine-2-aldehyde
have been synthesized. The structure of the complexes have been proposed in the
light of analytical, IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, DART-MS, ESR spectral data and magnetic
studies. The complexes are soluble in DMF and DMSO. The measured molar conductance
values indicate that, the complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. On the basis
of these studies six coordinated octahedral polymeric structure has been assigned
to Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes and four coordinated tetrahedral geometry
to Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) complexes. The Schiff’s base and their metal complexes
have been tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by MIC method.
The DNA cleavage activities of all the complexes were studied by agarose gel electrophoresis
method.
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One Pot Synthesis of 12-aryl -8, 9, 10, 12–Tetrahydrobenzo
[a]-xanthen -11-one Derivatives Using Amberlyst-15 as a Recyclable catalyst under
Solvent Free Conditions
Nazeruddin G.M.,* Shaikh A. A. and Pandharpatte M. S.
A three component condensation of β-naphthol, aromatic
aldehydes and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds catalyzed by of Amberlyst-15 as a
recyclable catalyst to furnish 12-aryl- 8,9,10,12-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen-11-ones
under Solvent Free conditions is described.
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Synthesis of New D-Arabinose Derivatives
Yahia Nasser Mabkhoot12 , Daiekh A.A Abod*, Salem Slayyem Al-Theyab1, Saud Ibrahim,
Al-Resayes1 and Zeid Abdullah Al-Othman1
D - Arabinose was converted into new allylic furanosyl
and pyranosyl glycosides by applying two different reaction conditions. The glycosides
then were treated with sodium azide to get triazoline compounds via a 1,3-dipolar
cycloaddition. The new glycosides and the triazoline compounds were identified by
I.R, 1H – and 13C – N.M.R. spectroscopy.
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Spatial and Temporal Variation of Surface Ozone and
its Precursors in Burdwan Municipality Area
Gupta Srimanta11*, Chattopadhyay Subrata and Mondal Swagata 1
Present study deals with the surface or ground level
or tropospheric ozone along with its precursors in different zones of Burdwan Municipality
area. During the month of March and April concentrations of surface Ozone (O), Carbon
monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen di oxide (NO32) are monitored over three times a day
for one hour duration at four sampling sites. Meteorological conditions are also
taken into account for more detail study. In the month of March the range of O3,
NO2, CO, temperature, humidity and wind speed ranges from 9.7-33.5 ppb, 2.67-19.85
μg/m3, and 0.325-10.25 ppm, 30.7-42.72°C, 27-80.14 % and 0-14.1 km/hr respectively.
While in the month of April the variation of O, NO32, CO, temperature, humidity
and wind speed are 3-33 ppb, 14.32-41.24 μg/m3, 0.35-11.95 ppm, 30.62-50.3°C, 26-81.9
% and 0-16.3 km/hr respectively. The predominant wind direction is South West, South
East and North East in the March while in April it is in the direction of South
West, South and South East direction. It is found that the concentration of O is
not only function of its precursors viz. NO32 and CO but also a function of prevailing
meteorological conditions as sometime it is observed that the concentrations of
O3 are increased with the decreasing concentration of its precursors and vice versa.
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Evaluation of heavy metal exposure in oil drilling
sites
Das Chutia A.1, Unni B. G.1∗ , Bhattacharjee M.1, Baruah P. K.2, Das S.1, Wann S.
B.1, Sahu O. P.3, Borah T.2 and Rao P. G.1
Anthropogenic activities by oil drilling and industrial
processing are the main sources of heavy metal contamination in the environment.
Heavy metals are extremely persistent in the environment and are non-biodegradable
and non-thermo degradable and thus readily accumulate to toxic levels. Further they
also become available for plant uptake through contaminated soil and water and finally
consumed by man through food. A study was undertaken in the vicinity of oil drilling
site at Borholla (Assam). Higher level of toxic elements such as lead, arsenic and
manganese were detected in the water samples and the nutritional quality was found
low in the vegetables cultivated in the nearby soil.
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Degradation and mineralization of organic contaminants
by Fenton and photo-Fenton processes: Review of mechanisms and effects of organic
and inorganic additives
Sahoo Mihir Kumar
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) catalyzed by iron,
Fenton ( and photo-Fenton () processes have been shown to have great potential in
the treatment of various hazardous chemicals like dyes, agrochemicals, drugs etc.
More than six decades after the discovery of Fenton’s reagent, it has gained considerable
importance in such a context. The present work reports details of operational parameters
such as the pH, the concentrations of the target molecule, iron salt, hydrogen peroxide
etc. for the working of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes efficiently. This review
emphasizes two relatively neglected areas of research concerning Fenton and photo-Fenton
processes, i.e. the influence of aromatic & aliphatic hydrocarbons and various inorganic
cations () and anions (e.g. , , , , , , etc.), generally found in industrial wastewaters
on the two processes. A general mechanism of degradation of aromatic hydrocarbon
systems including azo dyes has been outlined. It is concluded that hydroxyl radical
mediated degradation of all aromatic hydrocarbons follows two distinct paths yielding
aliphatic carboxylic acids: one through the cleavage of peroxyl radical and the
other through the cleavage of quinone. Complete mineralization is achieved when
the acids on further oxidation produce
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Investigation of Hg2+ on TnC- skeletal muscles
1Raouf Mahmoud and Mahdavian Leila 2*
One of the effects of industrialization is the consumption
of chemicals which is very dangerous and lethal. Mercury metal is a serious hazard
for human and environmentl. In this study the effects of Hg2+ on TnC (Troponin C)
are investigated. Biochemical and structural studies on the interaction of muscle's
myosin and the binding sites on actin are based on positions of tropomyosin (Tm)
and troponin (Tn) on the thin filament. TnC controls the calcium in muscle contraction
and is the Ca2+-binding subunit of the troponin complex. We simulated TnC-Hg2+ interaction
and calculated their thermodynamics parameters by DFT and semi empirical methods.
The calculations were conducted using Gaussian and CHARMM software's using semi-empirical
methods, together with Monte Carlo simulation.
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