Vol. 22(12) December 2018
Dissolution Kinetics and Leaching of Ca, Mg, Na and
Zn from Kaolin Mineral ore in Hydrochloric Acid
Ayanda Olushola, Sodeinde Kehinde, Lawal Olayide, Adeoye Yetunde, Nelana S. and
Naidoo E.
Page No. 1-8
This study presents a detailed leaching and dissolution
kinetics of a kaolin mineral ore sample in hydrochloric acid media. The ash and
moisture contents, pH, elemental composition, morphology, functional group compositions,
crystallographic and mineralogical analyses of the kaolin samples were carried out.
The effects of HCl concentration, process temperature and leaching time on the dissolution
rate were investigated. The characterization of the kaolin sample revealed a thick
spongy-like morphology and the presence of Ca, Zn, Mg, Na, Si and O elements. Experimental
results showed that the leaching order of the metals is Mg> Na> Ca > Zn. The dissolution
of the metals from kaolin increased with increasing temperature and leaching time
but decreased with increasing HCl concentration.
Approximately 81.2% kaolin of particle size 125 mm was successfully leached at optimum
conditions of 0.5 M HCl, contact time of 25 min and at 100oC. The apparent rate
constants for the chemically controlled reaction(kr) and diffusion-controlled reaction
(kd) are 0.0163 min-1 and 0.0061 min-1 respectively. The kinetic data analysis showed
that the dissolution mechanism followed the diffusion controlled shrinking core
model with the surface diffusion reaction as the rate controlling step.
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Mineralogy of some cretaceous rocks around the South-East
coast of South Africa and their Paleoenvironmental indications
Beatrice Omonike Otunola and Ken Liu
Page No. 9-15
The mineral composition, particularly clay mineralogy
of Lower to Middle Cretaceous sediments (sandstones and mudstones) around the South-Eastern
coast of South Africa was investigated in this study. Sediments from Enon, Kirkwood,
Sundays River, Knysna and Robberg Formations were examined with the aim of determining
paleoenvironment and climate changes at the time of deposition as well as sediment
sources. This research was carried out using SEM-EDX and XRD to characterize clay
and cement properties of the rocks.
The dominant mineralogy remains quartz while the most common clay mineral is smectite
and the possible sources of the clay minerals include both diagenetic and detrital
sources. The prevalent climatic condition for the Uitenhage Group sediments includes
warm and humid fluvial environment to relatively cool climates and shallow marine
environment while Knysna sediments are mostly flood plain or shallow marine environment
and Robberg Formation was found to have been deposited in a shallow marine to estuarine
environment with a cold and relatively dry climate.
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Adsorption isotherm and Kinetic study for removal
of Crystal Violet and Brilliant green dyes from waste water using Castor leaf powder
Sohpal Vipan K.
Page No. 16-21
Castor leaf powder (CLP) was obtained from mature leaves
of castor trees through chemical reaction. The CLP was chosen for its availability
and a low-cost natural adsorbent. The CLP was used as an adsorbent for Crystal violet
(CV) and Brilliant green (BG) in waste water of textile industry. The adsorption
properties of CV and BG are discussed in terms of the adsorption isotherms (Langmuir
and Freundlich) and the kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo second-order
and intraparticle diffusion model).
It was shown that the experimental results best fitted the Langmuir isotherm model
and pseudo second-order kinetic equation for both the dyes. The thermodynamic parameters
show that the adsorption process is exothermic. The experimental result indicates
that the CLP is a viable and naturally occurring material for removing CV and BG
from waste water.
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Annual Effective Dose Equivalent of population staying
in industrial area Bhilai, Chhattisgarh India estimated using Gamma dose rate measurements
Jindal Manoj Kumar, Sar Santosh Kumar, Arora Arun, Singh Shweta, Sahu Megha and
Diwan Vijita
Page No. 22-27
Human beings are exposed to natural radiation which is
present outside and inside the houses. This present study has been carried out in
industrial regions, near the cement industries at Bhilai, Chhattisgarh India. The
gamma radiation was measured in about 50 residential houses from the industrial
area. The mean value of indoor and outdoor gamma radiation-dose rates observed was
191.7±5.7nSv/hr and 136.8±4.1nSv/hr respectively with an indoor to outdoor dose
ratio of 1.40. This is equal to population weighted value reported by UNSCEAR.
Total average annual effective dose due to indoor and outdoor gamma radiation for
study area was estimated as 1.11±0.03mSv. This is slightly higher than the world
population weighted average value of 0.87mSv reported by UNSCEAR.
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Zinc and ruthenium resveratrol complexes as novel
neuroprotective agents against chlorpyrifos-induced neurotoxicity in rats
Kobeasy Mohamed I., El-Naggar A.Y., Abdallah Amr A. and Refat Moamen S.
Page No. 28-37
The present study investigated the neuroprotective role
of resveratrol, zinc (II)resveratrol complex and ruthenium (III)resveratrol complex
in attenuating the toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in rat brain. Complexes of Zn
(II) and Ru (III) with resveratrol ligand were synthesized and characterized by
elemental analysis, conductometry, IR, X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) of solid samples.
The FTIR spectra confirmed that the resveratrol ligand behaves as a tri-basic monodentate
ligand towards the central metal ion with deprotonated three oxygen's donor atoms
of –OH groups. From the microanalytical data, the stoichiometry of the complexes
1:3 (metal:ligand) was suggested. Male albino rats received either oral chlorpyrifos
(13.5 mg/kg body weight), resveratrol alone (20 mg/kg body weight) or combined with
chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg/kg body weight), ZnIIresveratrol complex alone (20 mg/kg
body weight) or combined with chloropyrifos (13.5 mg/kg body weight) and RuIIIresveratrol
complex alone (20 mg/kg body weight) or with chloropyrifos (13.5 mg/kg body weight),
for 4 weeks oral treatments.
The effects of these treatments were studied on various parameters in rat brain
including lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Chlorpyrifos treatment
resulted in a significant increase in lipids peroxidation and activity of catalase
as well as a significant decrease in the levels of Glutathion content (GSH) and
Glutathion-S- transferase (GST) activity. However, treatments with resveratrol plus
chlorpyrifos, zinc (II)resveratrol complex to chlorpyrifos and ruthenium (III)resveratrol
complex to chlorpyrifos normalized the otherwise raised levels of lipid peroxidation
to within normal limits. Moreover, different treatments resulted in an elevation
in the leaves of catalase, GSH and GST. Hence, the present study suggests the protective
potential of resveratrol, ZnIIresveratrol complex and RuIIIresveratrol complex
in alleviating the neurotoxicity induced by chlorpyrifos.
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Appraisal of Temporal Variation of Water Quality Status
in terms of Water Quality Index (WQI) at Paradip Port, India
Satpathy Dharmendra, Mohapatra Ranjan Kumar, Acharya Chinmayee, Satapathy Deepty
Ranjan and Panda Chitta Ranjan
Page No. 38-48
An assessment of the marine water quality at Paradip
port involving various physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, salinity,
turbidity, TSS, DO, BOD, nitrate, phosphate and ammonia was undertaken in three
different seasons viz. pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon. The presence of petroleum
hydrocarbon and heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd) was studied. Impact
of above physicochemical parameters on the biological quality of the marine water
was assessed by analysing total viable bacterial (TVB) count, total coliform bacteria
(TCB) count, total E.coli bacteria(TEB) count, total phytoplankton count (TPC) and
chlorophyll-a concentration. The water quality index (WQI) was synthesised using
Delphi technique. The temporal and spatial variation of WQI values for all the stations
throughout the sampling period varied between 56.0 (in Monsoon-2016) and 64.4 (in
Post monsoon-2016); between 61.0 (at CHB) and 63.3 (at GCB) respectively.
Thus, the WQI values of the study site fall in the range of medium water quality
category. The deteriorated water quality of monsoon was found to be recovered in
the post monsoon period. From the correlation study among the analysed parameters,
it was observed that some significant interrelationship exists among various water
quality parameters like DO, pH, temperature, salinity, TSS, phosphate, Cd, Cr, Pb,
Ni, TVB, TCB and TEB.
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Photocatalytic degradation of Methyl Orange dye using
Chitosan Alumina Composite under Sunlight irradiation
Saraswathi P. and Makeswari M.
Page No. 49-53
Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange as a pollutant
in wastewater samples is investigated in this study. This photo degradation is investigated
using Chitosan Alumina Composite (CAC) under solar irradiation method. The batch
mode parameters such as effect of contact time, effect of pH, effect of composite
dose and effect of initial dye concentration are studied. The maximum degradation
efficiency for methyl orange on CAC is 92.48% at 90 minutes. Equilibrium data are
well fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum degradation
capacity at equilibrium condition qe is 22.75 mg/g.
Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics of methyl orange is analysed and the rate of
adsorption is found to confirm the pseudo first order kinetics with a good correlation
regression coefficient (R2=0.9904). The results showed that CAC can be attractive
option for dye degradation from industrial effluents.
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Pyrolytic conversion of protein rich microalgae Arthrospira
platensis to bio-oil
Gouda Narayan, Panda Achyut K., Singh R.K. and Ratha S.K.
Page No. 54-65
A protein-rich microalgae species Arthrospira platensis
was pyrolyzed in a semi batch reactor using two clay catalysts kaolin and calcium
bentonite to understand the effects of temperature and catalysts on the yield and
composition of bio oil. The optimum temperature for a higher bio oil yield of 55.9
wt. % was 500°C. The bio-oil yield decreased in presence of both the clay catalysts.
The effect was more pronounced with kaolin as compared to calcium bentonite.
The energy recovery in kaolin catalyzed pyrolysis was lower than thermal and calcium
bentonite catalyzed reactions. The FTIR and GC/MS results of the algal bio-oil conform
the presence of nitrogenous compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, phenols, hydrocarbons,
carbonyl compounds and aromatic compounds. The aromatics fractions in the bio-oil
increased significantly in presence of clay catalysts. The bio-oil was slightly
alkaline with higher HHV, comparative specific gravity and viscosity as that of
fossil fuel.
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Green algae as source for polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis
from food processing wastewater
Sathya A.B., Sivashankar R., Sivasubramanian V. and Santhiagu A.
Page No. 66-74
Biopolymers are a form of polymers derived from renewable
biomass source unlike fossil fuel plastics. Limitation of petrochemical resources
with an increase in oil price and environmental problems raises the interest in
biopolymers. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a group of interesting biopolymers
accumulated within cells as energy storage materials by different microorganisms.
PHAs have an extensive variety of requisitions for biocompatibility and biodegradability
in different commercial enterprises for example, biomedical division including tissue
engineering, bio-implant patches and so on. Green algae offer the possibility to
transform CO2 to biomass with light as the solitary energy source. Like many different
prokaryotes, particularly under nutrient deprivation, maximum microalgae are capable
of producing PHAs as intracellular energy and carbon storage compounds.
Chlorella pyrenoidosa, green algae were investigated for its capacity to accumulate
PHA. Food processing wastewater is rich in fermentable nutrients such as lactose
lipids and soluble proteins serving as an inexpensive substrate. The effects of
nitrogen concentration, pH and temperature were studied on biomass and PHA production.
The PHA yield obtained from cheese whey (79.8%) was found close to the yield obtained
from defined medium (82.95%) at pH 7, temperature 35ºC and low nitrogen concentration
(0.5g/L).
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In-vitro regeneration and propagation of Pistia stratiotes
as a biotechnological approach for phytoremediation of textile effluent
Pavithra M. and Kousar Hina
Page No. 75-79
Environmental contamination has become a concerning issue
worldwide due to number of risks it poses to human health and ecosystem. Contaminants
present in soil or water can go up through the trophic chain via microbial or plant
incorporation. Textile industry is a major contributor to water pollution possessing
recalcitrant pollutants. The available chemical methods for treatment are found
to be inefficient besides being extremely costly. Phytoremediation is an emerging
technology for large-scale removal or detoxification of contaminants from the environment.
It makes the use of plants to remove, transfer, or stabilize pollutants in an environmentally
friendly manner.
The remedial capacity of plants can be significantly improved by genetic manipulation
and plant transformation technologies. The present study was aimed on successful
whole plant regeneration as a biotechnological tool in phytoremediation studies.
Plant used for the micropropagation was Pistia stratiotes which was later introduced
into textile effluent for treatment. Results revealed that after treatment with
Pistia stratiotes, the concentration of most of the parameters of the effluent had
reduced revealing that it is effective in treatment of textile wastewater.
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Adsorption of Acid Red 66 Dye from Aqueous Solution
by Heat-Treated Rice Husk
Davoud Balarak and Ferdos Kord Mostafapour
Page No. 80-84
The removal of Acid Red 66 Dye (AR-66) from aqueous solution
using a agricultural waste as biosorbent (Rice Husk) prepared from a heat-treated
was studied. The biosorption studies were carried out under various parameters such
as initial dye concentration and contact time. The experimental results show that
the removal percentage of AR-66 increased from 45.2% to 98.1%, as contact increased
from 10 to 75 min. The capacity adsorption was increased with an increase in the
initial dye concentration in solution.
The experimental isotherms data were analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin
and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm equations. The best fit was obtained by
Freundlich isotherm with high correlation coefficients. The value of energy calculated
from the D-R isotherm was 4.84 KJ/mol suggesting that the adsorption of AR-66 dye
on RH is physical.
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Synthesis and spectral characterization of Cu (II)
tetra aza macrocyclic complexes
Kashyap Chitranjana and Pandey Yogesh
Page No. 85-89
A novel family of tetra aza Macrocyclic Cu (II) complexes
Cu LX2 (where L = N4 donor macrocyclic ligand and X = Cl) has been synthesized.
Characterization has been done on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductance,
UV visible, IR, magnetic susceptibility and XPS data. IR spectra and XPS data show
that the ligand behaves as tetra dentate through 4 N atoms; the XPS data suggest
octahedral geometry for Cu (II) macrocylic complexes.
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Phenolic content, HPLC analysis and antioxidant activity
extract from Tamarix gallica and Tamarix articulata growing in Southeast of Algeria
Salemi Said, Gherraf Noureddine, Laouini Salah Eddine, Guerram Abdelmadjid, Berrani
Djamel and Ali Tliba
Page No. 90-98
This work reports the phytochemical profile, phenolic
content and flavonoid, in vitro antioxidant against DPPH, β-carotene radical and
total antioxidant activity of methanolic leaves extract from Tamarix gallica and
Tamarix articulata. Formore, HPLC analysis for identification of individual polyphenols
was performed for different phenolic groups. The quantification of total phenolic
and flavonoids content was realized by spectrophotometric methods. The antiradical
capacities of extracts were evaluated against DPPH free radical and phosphomolybdenum
method.
Total phenolic contents and flavonoid from an extract of Tamarix gallica were found
high against Tamarix articulata, 334.19 ± 8.47, 395.62 ± 6.23 mg GAE /g DW for phenolic
content and 159.73 ± 6.28, 117.47 ± 4.04 mg CE/g DW respectively. The HPLC analysis
showed that at least 6 considerable phenolic compounds of leaves extract exist for
the two extracts, the major ones being vanillic acid, naringin and caffeic acid.
Similar results for antioxidant activity leaves extract from Tamarix gallica exhibited
strong inhibition of free radical against DPPH against Tamarix articulata IC50=
5.70 ± 0.18, 7.69 ± 0.11 µg/ml and total antioxidant activity 341.69 ± 9.28, 287.64
± 8.72 mg GAE/g DW respectively. The obtained results suggest that Tamarix gallica
and Tamarix articulata could be a promising source for new drugs because of its
antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds.
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Increasing the efficiency of dye sensitized solar
cell by changes in the physical morphology
Suyash Oka, Jain Manish, Kumar Pankaj, Patel Jay and Chaudhari Ameya
Page No. 99-107
In this period of rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels, there
is a urgent need to utilize alternative energy sources that are abundant in nature.
Solar energy being one of the major energy sources is being utilized to generate
energy via solar cells. DSSC (Dye Sensitized Solar cell) is a modern type of solar
cell which converts solar energy into electrical energy. Due to its low cost, ease
of fabrication and various other advantages, DSSC is invoking the researchers to
do extensive research and find various ways to enhance its performance.
This review paper comprises of most of the information about DSSC regarding the
various components of DSSC, its working principle, the ways by which its efficiency
can be enhanced and its applications. The ways to improve efficiency have been discussed
in detail.
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Food fortification of soy protein isolate for human
health
Parate Vishal R., Sonawane Shriram S. and Munje Shyam S.
Page No. 108-115
Growing malnutrition and health problem in India can
be well tackled with supplementary diet containing soy proteins as soy proteins
are one of the best quality proteins offering many health benefits. Health care
profession across the globe considers the quality of soy protein equivalent to that
of other high-quality protein such as egg and milk.
Soy protein helps to prevent cancer, lowers cholesterol level, combat osteoporosis
and regulate menopause. Presence of bioactive components arginine and isoflavones
is responsible for the health benefit of soy protein. From food fortification point
of view, soy protein isolate is best among all the sources of soy proteins. Biscuits
are the ideal food vehicle for soy protein isolate fortification.
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