Vol. 24(6) June 2020
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterizations of two
newly copper (II) and zinc (II) ternary mixed amino acid complexes: DNA binding,
antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies
Al-Saif Foziah A., Alibrahim Khuloud A. and Ismail Eman H.
Page No. 1-13
Novel mixed bioligands metal complexes of creatine (L1)
and L-arginine (L2) amino acids were prepared with Cu(II) and Zn(II), which were
characterized using atomic absorption, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis,
FTIR, magnetic susceptibility, mass spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. The structural
control for these complexes has been achieved using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
(CTAB) as the capping agent. The nanosize complexes were confirmed using transmission
electron microscopy (TEM).
In addition, the pure nanosize metal oxides were prepared from their prepared nano
ternary complexes by thermal decomposition method and were investigated by energy
dispersive X-ray (EDX) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Binding of DNA with
the prepared ternary transition metal complexes was investigated. The biological
activities for these metal complexes against bacteria and four fungi were studied.
The tumor inhibitory activity against three human cancer cell lines (hepatocellular
carcinoma (HePG-2), colon carcinoma (HCT-116) and breast carcinoma (MCF-7)) was
determined.
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TiO2 nanoparticle catalyzed multicomponent reaction
for efficient synthesis of 4-(1-aryl-2-nitroethyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ols in
aqueous medium
Parimi Usharani and Madhavi N.
Page No. 14-18
An efficient and mild method has been developed for the
preparation of 4-(1-aryl-2-nitroethyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol using TiO2 nanoparticle
as a heterogeneous catalyst. This protocol affords simple and convenient procedure
to synthesize a series of 4-(1-aryl-2-nitroethyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ols. The
protocol is suitable for aryl and heteroaryl systems and convenient for the synthesis
of pyrazole derivatives.
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Treatment of CETP effluent by Green Oxidant (Ferrate)
Fe (VI): An alternative primary treatment
Patel H., Vaghasiya D., Vachhani M., Upadhyay C., Patel S. and Dave H.
Page No. 19-27
In this study, application of green oxidant ferrate for
primary treatment of Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CEPT) effluent is explored.
Ferrate is a supercharged iron molecule in which iron is in the plus six oxidation
state and is also commonly known as Fe (VI). It is one of the subjects undergoing
intense research by the scientists due to its potential to replace alum, polyelectrolyte
and ferric chloride for removal of metals, non-metals, organic components, colour,
odour and natural organic materials (NOM) from water/wastewater. In a single application,
ferrate can work as an oxidant, coagulant, and disinfectant.
In this study, we have synthesized sodium ferrate (Na2FeO4) by wet oxidation method
and explored it for the treatment of CETP effluent and treatment efficiency is calculated.
The effluent was also given primary treatment with conventional coagulant alum for
comparison. The synthesized sodium ferrate at optimum dose of 0.375mg/l provided
19.14% reduction in chemical oxygen demand whereas alum at optimum dose of 160mg/l
provided only 5.31% reduction in chemical oxygen demand of the CETP effluent. The
obtained results clearly indicate pre-eminence of the ferrate in comparison to conventional
treatment with alum and its potential to be used as alternative in primary treatment
of CETP effluent.
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Chitosan supported cobalt (II) complex as an efficient
and reusable catalyst for one-pot oxyfuctionalization of olefin via epoxide opening
Panneerselvam Rajeswari, Rajendran Nagarajan and Lourdusamy Emmanuvel
Page No. 28-33
A novel one-pot procedure for the preparation of 1, 2-alkoxy
alcohols and 1, 2 diols from olefin via chitosan supported cobalt (II) complex catalyzed
ring opening of in situ generated epoxides has been described. The metal catalyst
was found to be stable under the reaction condition and can be recycled without
any appreciable loss of activity.
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Optimization and commercial production of biosurfactant
from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 using renewable resources
Deivakumari M., Sanjivkumar M. and Immanuel G.
Page No. 34-49
Microbial based rhamnolipid biosurfactants are potentially
used in many commercial industries viz. petroleum, pharmaceuticals, biomedical and
food processing. In this study, the biosurfactant producing bacterial strain Pseudomonas
aeruginosa PAO1 was isolated from oil contaminated areas in the fishing harbor of
Chinnamuttom, Southeast coast of Tamilnadu, S. India. Biosurfactant production from
the isolated strain was carried out using Bushnell Hass broth with 2% glucose as
carbon source. The produced biosurfactant was confirmed as rhamnolipid by blue agar
plate assay and it was quantified by means of Orcinol assay. The rhamnolipid production
from the candidate strain was enhanced by using various parameters like pH, temperature,
incubation time, inoculum size, carbon, nitrogen and hydrocarbon sources and NaCl
concentrations.
The result revealed that the strain displayed maximum biosurfactant production at
the optimized medium condition of pH 7, temperature 30°C, incubation time of 168
h with the inoculum size of 4%. The production medium substituted with 4% mannitol
as carbon source, 1.5% beef extract as nitrogen source, 4% olive oil as hydrocarbon
source and 1.5 % NaCl concentration recorded higher rhamnolipid production. Further
the rhamnolipid production was also enhanced by using various inexpensive renewable
substrates and the result revealed that the strain exhibited (6.04g/l) maximum biosurfactant
production in the medium supplemented with peanut oil cake as the substrate. For
maximum biosurfactant recovery, seven different extraction methods were carried
out and the result revealed that the maximum (6.84 g/l) amount of biosurfactant
was recovered by acid precipitation and solvent extraction method.
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Highly fluorescent azine stain for the detection of
ferric ions in Mucorales
Dhanya Sunil, Aiswarya Paul, Shrilaxmi M.S., Syed Ibrahim G.P., Peralam Yegneswaran
Prakash and Ciraj Ali Mohammed
Page No. 50-56
Essential metals for life such as iron, zinc, copper,
nickel and manganese play a pivotal role in the conflict between infecting microbes
and their hosts. Mucormycosis is a potentially life threatening systemic fungal
infection caused by members that belong to the order Mucorales which primarily affects
immunosuppressed patients. Rapid diagnosis and subsequent initiation of therapy
is imperative due to the fulminant nature of the infection. Clinical evidences indicate
the ability of these mucoralean organisms to obtain iron from the host as a major
virulence attribute.
This study is an attempt to develop a novel iron dependent staining technique for
the detection of filamentous Mucorales treated with ferric ion. Fluorescence sensors
are one of the most powerful tools for detecting metal ions in biological systems.
This study reports the fluorescent behavior of a metal-binding indicator 4,4'-[hydrazinediylidene
dimethanylylidene]di(benzene-1,3-diol) (CS2) with specific optical responses on
exposure to Fe3+ ions at two studied pH. Interestingly, the azine chemosensor CS2,
displayed fluorescence quenching in presence of Fe3+ at pH 5.5, whereas retained
its fluorescence specifically in Fe3+ solution at pH 7.4. The preliminary results
indicate that pH sensitive CS2 can be a component of choice in the fluorescent stain
for fungi like Mucorales in the research and diagnostic purposes.
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Antibacterial activity of various extracts from Vincetoxicum
nigrum on pathogenic bacteria
Sepideh Nourian, Parastoo Zarghami Moghaddam, Peiman Alesheikh and Ameneh Mohammadi
Page No. 57-60
The medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine
to cure variety of diseases for many years. Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) in Apocynaceae
family is a perennial herb endemic to Central Asia and it is an expectorant, diuretic
and emetic agent as traditional medicine. The objective of this study was to evaluate
the antibacterial activity of methanol, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts
from aerial parts of Vincetoxicum nigrum against two gram-positive (Staphylococcus
aureus and Bacillus cereus) and one gram-negative bacteria strain (Escherichia coli).
Antibacterial activity was determined by using three methods disc diffusion, well
diffusion and broth dilution for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)). The results demonstrated that
plant extracts showed antimicrobial activities, however when compared to gentamicin,
the results of this study are not significant. In conclusion the antibacterial activity
exhibited by the extracts could be due to the presence of secondary metabolites
which may act alone or synergistically for the inhibition of bacterial growth.
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Application of Fe3O4 as a magnetic nanocatalyst in
the synthesis of photochromic spironaphthoxazines
Pargaonkar Jyotsna G., Patil Sanjay K., Patil Aniruddha B. and Vajekar Shailesh
N.
Page No. 61-69
A greener route for the synthesis of photochromic spironaphthoxazines
using a highly efficient and recyclable Fe3O4 magnetic nanocatalyst in greener solvent
ethylene glycol has been demonstrated. This protocol offers several benefits such
as mild reaction conditions, shorter reaction time (1 h), high yields (up to 93
%) and operational simplicity that make it a useful and attractive option for the
synthesis of the spironaphthoxazines.
Interestingly, the magnetically recyclable Fe3O4 nanocatalyst was reused at least
five times without substantial loss in catalytic activity. The structures of synthesized
spironaphthoxazine derivatives were deduced by their 1H NMR spectra and melting
points.
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Distribution and Sources of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
in Sediments from Sadong River, Sarawak, Malaysia
Omolayo Ajoke Omorinoye, Zaini Bin Assim, Ismail Bin Jusoh, Naseer Inuwa Durumin
Iya, Olufemi Sijuade Bamigboye and Ebenezer Aquisman Asare
Page No. 70-77
Twenty-one surface sediment samples collected from Sadong
River, Sarawak were analysed for aliphatic hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons were
recovered from sediment by Soxhlet extraction and then analysed using gas chromatography
equipped with mass spectrometer (GC-MS).
The sediments collected from Sadong River have high concentrations of total aliphatic
hydrocarbons which ranged from 310.41 to 1296.43 g/g. Evaluation of various n-alkane
indices such carbon preference index (CPI: 1.32 to 1.98) and average chain length
(ACL: 26.26-27.19) showed that there was a predominance of petrogenic sources of
n-alkanes in the river and biogenic origin n-alkanes from vascular plants. The petrogenic
source of n-alkanes are predominantly heavy and degraded oil with fresh oil inputs.
It is believed that the hydrocarbons originated from both natural and anthropogenic
sources. The hydrocarbons were mostly transferred by lateral input than atmospheric
movements.
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Solvent extraction and supported liquid membrane studies
for Ag(I) separation using a novel thiodiglycolamide-based ligand
Kumbhaj Shweta and Patwardhan Anand V.
Page No. 78-87
The present study deals with the solvent extraction and
flat sheet supported liquid membrane studies of Ag(I) separation from nitric acid
medium using a novel synthesized ligand, namely, N,N,N′,N′-tetraethyl-2,2-thiodiethanthiodiglycolamide
(TETEDGA). The effect of various diluents and stripping reagents on the extraction
of Ag(I) was studied. The solvent extraction studies showed complete extraction
of Ag(I) in less than 5 min. The increase in nitric acid concentration resulted
in increase in extraction of Ag(I). Stoichiometry of the extracted species was found
to be AgNO3·TETEDGA by slope analysis method. The flat sheet supported liquid membrane
studies showed quantitative transport of Ag(I), ~97%, from the feed (1 M HNO3) to
the strippant (0.05 M thiosulfate) using 0.05 M TETEDGA as a carrier diluted in
n-dodecane. Extraction time was ~360 min.
Parameters such as feed acidity, TETEDGA concentration in membrane phase, membrane
porosity etc. were optimized to achieve maximum transport rate. Permeability coefficient
value of 1.31×10–3 cm/s was observed using TETEDGA (0.05 M) as carrier, at 1 M HNO3
feed acidity across 0.2 µm PP as membrane. Ag(I) metal removal ranged between 94%
and 96% when SLM system was applied to silver plating and photographic waste solution.
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Acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of leaf
extract of Saraca asoca using zebrafish as model organism
Rajeev Rijo, Bamin Riicho Tilling, Vora Arth Mehul, Pande Sumit and Sarojini Suma
Page No. 88-94
Alzheimer’s disease, also called as ‘Senile Dementia’,
is a progressive neurogenerative disease that slowly destroys important mental functions
like memory, reasoning and thinking. A plethora of factors including genetics, lifestyle,
environment, age etc. play a part in determining its incidence. One of the commonly
used techniques to slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s is to reduce the functioning
of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Plants have been found to be natural sources of AChE inhibitors. Hence the present
investigation was an attempt to screen Ashoka plant (Saraca asoca) for such inhibitors.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used as a model organism due to its genetic similarities
with humans.
Both in vivo and in vitro analyses using zebrafish indicated inhibitory action of
the leaf extract on AChE. Gas Chromatography- Mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis
of the methanolic leaf extract and further docking studies of prominent phytochemicals
revealed the AChE inhibitory potential of molecules like Stigmasterol, √-sitosterol,
Vitamin E etc. Hence these molecules can be thought of as targets in the therapy
of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Development and Characterization of Bacterial Consortium
for Bioremediation of Hexavalent Chromium
Sakale S.S. and Chitanand M.P.
Page No. 95-101
Nineteen Cr resistant isolates were isolated from electroplating
effluent samples, out of which five isolates showed higher MIC for Cr (VI). These
five isolates were identified as C. amylolyticum, B. cereus, S. arlettae, A. pascens
and C. funkei by 16s r-RNA gene sequencing. By using these five isolates, three
bacterial consortia G, J and M were developed. These three consortia showed higher
Cr reduction efficiencies than five individual isolates. The comparative study of
three consortia represents that consortium M showed the highest Cr reduction efficiency
than consortia G and J. Results of further characterization of consortium M showed
that maximum growth as well as Cr (VI) reduction could be observed at pH 7 and temperature
30ᵒC. Consortium M could reduce Cr (VI) completely.
But as initial concentration of Cr (VI) was increased, Cr reduction ability was
decreased. In the presence of heavy metals Cu, Ni and Zn, Cr (VI) reduction efficiency
of Consortium M was increased whereas in the presence of heavy metals like Cd, Co
and Pb, efficiency of chromium reduction was decreased. The results confirmed that
the consortium developed in the present work rather than individual isolates is
an effective tool of bioremediation for removal of toxic Cr (VI) from chromium contaminated
sites.
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Application of Efficient Photocatalyst in the Degradation
of Textile Dye Brilliant Blue R
Santhosh A.M., Yogendra K., Mahadevan K.M. and Madhusudhana N.
Page No. 102-106
The photocatalytic efficiency of synthesized Nickel Calciate
[NiCaO2] nanoparticles against Brilliant Blue R [BBR] dye was examined in the current
study. The Nickel Calciate photocatalyst was produced by a simple solution combustion
(SSC) method using fuel acetamide, these photocatalysts were characterized by SEM,
XRD, EDX and BET Surface area analysis. The optical band gap [OBG] was measured
to be 2.86eV and average size was found to be 19nm. From the experimental results,
the synthesized NiCaO2 degradation rate was high at 98.02%.
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Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Four Selected
Medicinal Plants
Ahmed Ibrahim, Ayah Al-Basheer Al-Jeddi and Esam Abdulkader Elhefian
Page No. 107-111
Many medicinal plants play a vital role in medicine to
prevent diseases due to the presence of various active chemical compounds such as
flavonoids, saponins and phenolic compounds in them. The present study deals with
the phytochemical screening of four selected medicinal plants belonging to different
families i.e. nigella sativa, costus speciosus, olive and zizphus spina-christi
(L.).
Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed that all the plants were found to
contain alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids in different ratios while resins were
present only in nigella sativa. Tannins and volatile oils were absent only in olive
leaves while triterpenoids were absent only in nigella sativa. It was also observed
that the extract of nigella sativa seeds had the highest total phenolic content
while the extract of costus speciosus had the highest total flavonoids content among
the four extracts of the plants studied.
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Anticancer and antioxidant activity of potential of
1-Benzyl Indole-3-Carboxy Aldehydine Thio Semi Carbazone Schiff base ligand
Pirakathiswaran G., Selvan A. and Dhasarathan P.
Page No. 112-118
Investigation of metal complex thiosemicarbazone anticancer
and antioxidant drug candidates increases the metallopharmaceuticals study dramatically.
Metal complex of thiosemicarbazone was prepared using copper and cobalt. In this
investigation anticancer and antioxidant potential of metal complex thiosemicarbazone
were screened using MCF7 breast cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effect was analyzed
against MCF7 breast cancer cell lines.
Further mRNA expressions of marker genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 were evaluated which revealed
that the gene expression was suppressed when treated with wet and dry 1-Benzyl Indole-3-Carboxy
Aldehydine Thiosemi Carbazone. Our study elucidates that 1-Benzyl Indole-3-Carboxy
Aldehydine Thiosemi Carbazone has a protective effect against breast cancer cell
lines in dried condition which was better compared to wet conditions. Further studies
need to be carried out to prepare drugs based on the source of 1-Benzyl Indole-3-Carboxy
Aldehydine Thio Semi Carbazone against breast cancer.
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Larvicidal and anti-bacterial efficacy of Kapppaphycus
alverazii methanol extract from Mandapam coast
Papitha Ruthiran, Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj, Palanichamy V. and Madhumitha G.
Page No. 119-121
The marine seaweeds are one of the vital living resources.
The present study is focused on antibacterial and larvicidal activity of marine
red algae Kappaphycus alverazii. The antibacterial activity of methanol extract
was analysed for in vitro antibacterial activity against selected test pathogens
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia
and Bacillus cereus.
The methanol extract of red algae Kappaphycus alverazii showed maximum zone of inhibition
(32 ± 3.1) against test pathogen of Escherichia coli. The in vitro mosquito larvicidal
activity was performed with different concentrations using Anopheles stephensi.
Methanol extract exhibited high mortality rate effective against Anopheles stephensi
after 24 hours of exposure.
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Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Schiff Bases
Lad Manoj N., Patil Raju M. and Sathe Ghanasham B.
Page No. 122-124
The new series of Schiff bases derived from hydroxybenzohydrazide
has been synthesized by the 1:1 molar condensation of 2-hydroxybenzohydrazide with
substituted salicylaldehydes. All the compounds were characterized by IR, 1HNMR,
13CNMR, Mass Spectrometry and Elemental analysis.
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High Performance Liquid Chromatographic and Area under
Curve spectrophotometric Methods for Estimation of Cefixime in Pure and Marketed
Formulation: A Comparative Study
Mahdi Amer S., Abbas Ruba F. and Altahir Bahaa Malik
Page No. 125-133
Cefixime is an antibiotic useful for treating a variety
of microorganism infections. In the present work, two rapid, specific, inexpensive
and nontoxic methods were proposed for cefixime determination. Area under curve
spectrophotometric and HPLC methods were depicted for the micro quantification of
Cefixime in highly pure and local market formulation. The area under curve (first
technique) used in calculation of the cefixime peak using a UV-visible spectrophotometer.
The HPLC (2nd technique) was depended on the purification of Cefixime by a C18 separating
column 250mm (length of column) × 4.6 mm (diameter)and using methanol 50% (organic
modifier) and deionized water 50% as a mobile phase. The isocratic flow with rate
of 1 mL/min was applied, the temperature was 35 °C and the detection optimum wavelength
was adjusted to 285 nm. Methods linearity was obtained with these study in the range
of 5-35 µg/mL, the limit of detection was at level of 0.2076 µg/mL using HPLC and
0.2495 µg/mL using area under curve method.
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Assessment of marine sediment contamination and detection
of their potential sources at Paradip port, East Coast of India
Satpathy Dharmendra, Mohapatra Ranjan Kumar, Acharya Chinmayee, Satapathy Deepty
Ranjan and Panda Chitta Ranjan
Page No. 134-143
In the present study, the spatial and seasonal variations
of some important sediment quality parameters were investigated at 10 different
locations inside Paradip Port harbour, Odisha, India. A three years extensive study
was conducted in three different seasons such as Pre-monsoon, Monsoon and Post monsoon.
The main objective of this study was to assess the level of metal contamination
of the surface sediment and to identify the potential sources contributing it. The
elements like Cr, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Fe, texture pattern, organic carbon, total
coliform bacteria (TCB), total viable bacterial (TVB) were also analysed to assess
the level of anthropogenic effect on marine sediment. Evaluation of seasonal dynamics,
contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and enrichment factor (EF)
and multivariate statistical analysis (correlation coefficient and factor analysis)
was carried out for the whole analysed sediment quality parameters.
During this study, contamination of port sediment by Cr (109.82-306.83 μg/g) was
observed highest followed by Fe (2.60-6.14 wt %), Zn (22.98-157.07 μg/g), Pb, Ni
(45.30-97.86 μg/g), Cu (32.21-112.55 μg/g), Co (18.14-78.57 μg/g) and Cd (0.58-6.14
μg/g). Similarly, organic carbon content, TVB and TCB of the port sediment was found
in the range of 0.59-4.31 wt %, 205527-1959402 CFU/1g and 32857-463374 CFU/1g respectively.
Both CF and EF values of Cd were observed highest as compared to other toxic metals
at all the stations of Paradip port sediments and the order of their contamination
is Cd > Cr > Pb > Co > Ni > Cu > Zn > Fe. From the multivariate statistical analysis,
it was noted that metals like Cu, Zn and Fe were negatively correlated with other
metals like Cr, Pb, Co, Ni. TVB and TCB load in sediment have a direct relation
with organic carbon, silt and clay content in the sediment.
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Discovery and design of phosphodiesterase inhibitor
as anti- psoriatic agent through structure based molecular docking
Surya M., Sathianarayanan S. and Saranya T.S.
Page No. 144-150
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease
which affects the skin with hyper proliferation of keratinocytes and relapsing episodes
of inflammation. Phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4) is a decisive enzyme in the degradation
of cAMP and is centrally involved in the cytokine production, angiogenesis and the
functional properties of keratinocytes. Apremilast has anti-inflammatory properties
used as phosphodiesterase inhibitor in psoriasis therapy but showing side effects
like respiratory tract infection. Dimethyl fumarate is found to be the main therapeutic
agent in anti-psoriatic therapy but it exhibits adverse effects such as depression
and lymphocytopenia. Chemical conjugation of dimethyl fumarate with chitosan by
using mercaptopropionic acid through Michael addition reaction (DMC conjugate) will
enhance anti-psoriatic activity. The protein characterization was done by PROTPARAM
and SOPMA method.
In this research docking studies, drug likeness and ADMETox have been executed for
the analysis of lead moiety – protein interaction. From this analysis, it has been
proved that 2QYL protein has more stability and better docking score compared to
other proteins. The computational results convey that the DMC conjugate is an influential
PDE4 antagonist to that of standard drug apremilast.
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Outlook on Thiazolidinone with Intoxicating Pharmacological
potentials: A Review
Sharma Deeksha, Sarkar Anjana and Gupta Rajesh Kumar
Page No. 151-165
Today thiazolidinone has emerged as a chemical entity
with a wide spectrum of pharmacological significance. Their therapeutic and pharmacological
potential include diverse biological activities such as antitubercular, anti-HIV,
antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, wound healing capacity and antitumor action.
In the past, various novel methods were developed to synthesize various scaffolds
and derivative of this class. The diverse scaffolds were tested against many diseases
in biological assays and lots of modifications were made to reduce their toxicity.
Thiazolidinone is the saturated forms of thiazole i.e. thiazolidine with a carbonyl
group. The 1, 3 thiazolidine-4-ones have shown a great biological importance. The
current review is focused on the synthetic development of thiazolidinone derivatives
in contrast to its antitubercular and other therapeutic application.
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The expanding role of Nuclear Medicine in contemporary
drug design and development
Kumar Vivek, Mujwar Somdutt and Shah Kamal
Page No. 166-172
The research area concerned with preparation of radioactive
materials and their use for diagnostic purposes comes under nuclear medicine. The
nuclear medicine provides a platform for the treatment or diagnosis of particular
diseases. It implicate the use of radioactive tracer with the pharmaceutical active
agent so that the maximal action with minimal side effects is seen.
Nuclear medicine facilitates the development of a new drug for ruinous diseases.
It acts as boon for the society where patients feel helpless. It has wide applications
used for sterilization, pharmacoscintigraphy, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy,
alpha particle radiation etc.
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