Vol. 24(3) March 2020
Microparticles of calcium carbonate CaCO3, calcium
hydrogen phosphate hydrate CaHPO4.1.9H2O and tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 prepared
from golden apple snail shells (Pomacea canaliculata)
Somkiat Seesanong, Chamroon Laosinwattana and Banjong Boonchom
Page No. 1-6
The golden apple snail shell was mechanically milled
to transform to 400 mesh sizes of calcium carbonate CaCO3. The obtained CaCO3 was
reacted with phosphoric acid by a simple rapid reaction to prepare dicalcium phosphate
hydrate CaHPO4.1.9H2O. Thermal transformation products of the as-synthesized CaCO3
and CaHPO4.1.9H2O samples occurred at above 750 oC indicating the temperature condition
to synthesize tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 by solid state route. The as-synthesized
CaCO3 and CaHPO4 powders were well mixed in the mole ratio of 1:2, then calcined
at 800 oC for 2 hrs. and the obtained product was Ca3(PO4)2.
The XRD and FTIR results indicate that the as-prepared CaCO3, CaHPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2
samples without the presence of any phase impurities crystalize in orthorhombic
of aragonite, anorthic, rhombohedral phases respectively, The SEM micrographs show
non-uniform, wooden fiber-like, grainy rice-like and irregular and non-uniform shapes
for the as-prepared CaCO3, CaHPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 samples respectively.
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Analytical applications of anhydrous manganese (II)
acetate in DMSO: Spectrophotometric determination of Isoniazid, Hydrallazine hydrochloride
and Dihydrallazine sulphate and commercial drugs
Singh Jasvir
Page No. 7-13
Rapid, simple, selective and precise spectrophotometric
methods for micro determination of Isoniazid, Hydrallazine hydrochloride and dihydrallazine
sulphate and commercial drugs have been developed. The method involves the reaction
of dithiocarbazates with anhydrous manganese (II) acetate in DMSO to form soluble
coloured manganese (II) - dithiocarbazate complexes. The direct colorimetric method
consists in adding to an DMSO solution of hydrazino compound an excess of carbon
disulphide followed by addition of anhydrous manganese (II) acetate and measuring
the resulting colour of metal complex spectrophotometrically at 380 nm (λmax of
metal dithiocarbazate complexes).
Alternatively, carbon disulphide has been added to the sample solution in DMSO and
resulting solution was titrated photometrically with standard anhydrous manganese
(II) acetate at the same wavelength. The method has been successfully applied for
analysis of hydrazino drugs. The recoveries have been in the ranges 98.4-100.8;
98.6-99.6 and 98.0-100.8 with RSD's in the range 0.2-0.6; 0.2-0.5 and 0.2-0.4% respectively.
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Isolation and Phytochemical analysis of Terpenoids
and Asiaticosides from Centella asiatica for their neuroprotective activities
Jagtap Pratik Kumar and Tapadia Kavita
Page No. 14-19
Centella asiatica also called Indian pennywort belongs
to family Apiceae and is used in ayurvedic medicines for various ailments. The present
work is cost-effective to improve the mental health of the people suffering from
depression. The aim was to prepare an extract of its dried pulverized leaves with
different solvents using Soxhlet extraction followed by GC-MS analysis for phytochemical
screening and to investigate its antidepressant and neuroprotective properties.
The extraction using Soxhlet apparatus in ethanolic medium and GC-MS technique optimizes
the detection of triterpenoids. The λmax for the extract with n-Hexane as solvent
at 342 nm was obtained to be 0.4587 and that using ethyl acetate as solvent obtained
at 345 nm was 0.4520. The LOD for the detection of triterpenes in the extract was
found to be 0.007 µg mL-1.
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Organosomatic Indices of Acute Oral Toxicity Study-Up
and Down Procedure on Extract Psidium guajava Linn. Fruit in Mice
Muda Iskandar and Atik Nur
Page No. 20-22
The study aims of this research are to observe organosomatic
indices comprising liver and kidney with acute oral toxicity study-up and down procedure
on extract Psidium guajava Linn. fruit in mice. Twelve swiss webster mice were in
different groups which were control: distilled water, group I: dose of 2000 mg/kg
b.w. p.o., group II: dose of 5000 mg/kg b.w. p.o. according to acute oral toxicity
study-up and down procedure OECD 425. The method was followed by the weighing of
organosomatic indices which is organ weight x 100/body weight.
We found that the weighting of organosomatic indices of all groups including control
(0.36 ± 0.41), group I (0.28 ± 0.77) and group II (0.62 ± 0.32) did not show any
differences (P > 0.05). In conclusion, organosomatic indices of acute oral toxicity
study-up and down procedure of the P. guajava Linn. extract did not change the size
of the organs.
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An investigation on structural and optical properties
of reduced graphene oxide-tin oxide nanocomposite
Benny Sebastian, George Thomas C. and Manoj B.
Page No. 23-30
Graphene-metal oxide composites have attracted tremendous
research interest in recent days due to their unique and fascinating properties.
In the present study, rGO and SnO2 were synthesized separately by modified Hummers’
method and nitrate–citrate gel combustion technique respectively. One step hydrothermal
method was used to prepare reduced graphene oxide–tin oxide nanocomposite of various
concentrations of rGO and SnO2.The obtained samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR,
Raman Spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM and TEM.
The results of different characterization techniques showed the successful formation
of SnO2, rGO and SnO2-rGO composites. X-ray analysis pattern indicates formation
of the SnO2 nanoparticles in the graphene matrix. The size of the particles prepared
is in nanoscale and was found to be 10-20 nm range. TEM images reveal the incorporation
of crystalline SnO2 nanoparticles in graphene layers. Upon incorporation of tin
oxide to graphene matrix, one could easily tailor the energy gap of the composite
matrix.
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Decolourisation of Azo Dyes by Electrocoagulation
Process with Response Surface Methodology
Gautam Kajal, Kumar Sushil and Kamsonlian Suantak
Page No. 31-40
In this investigation, decolourisation of azo dyes such
as Acid Red 88 and C.I. Direct Black 38 from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation
(EC) was studied in a batch reactor. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the
Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to determine the simple and combined
effects of process parameters, inter-electrode distance (1.0 – 2.0 cm), initial
pH value (6.5 – 8.5) and initial concentration of the dye solution (1000 – 3000
mg/L) on decolourisation efficiency and optimizing the operating conditions. Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA) showed the adequacy of generated model and was able to predict
well for both azo dyes (R2 = 0.97 for Acid Red 88 and R2 = 0.92 for C.I Direct Black
38). Under optimal value of operating parameters, maximum percentages of decolourisation
were found to be 98.13 % for Acid Red 88 and 96.70 % for C.I Direct Black 38 respectively.
Graphical representation of response surfaces was utilized to detect the optimum
point of input variables. The experimental results revealed that EC process with
Fe electrode was more proficient and eco-friendly for azo dyes removal from contaminated
water.
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A triterpenoid from Aglaia angustifolia Miq stem bark
Ricson P. Hutagaol, Ihsan Rahadian, Desi Harneti, Ace Tatang Hidayat, Khalijah Awang
and Unang Supratman
Page No. 41-44
A triterpenoid, (20S,24S)-epoxydammarane-3β,25-diol (1)
was isolated from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Aglaia angustifolia Miq.
The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including one
and two-dimensional NMR as well as high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis.
Additionally, compounds 1 was reported in Aglaia genus for the first time.
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Effect of heavy metals interaction with ammonium on
growth behavior of C. vulgaris
Awasthi Mamta
Page No. 45-51
Algal biomass production with ease of harvesting through
wastewater is a recent demand for fuel production i.e. biogas, biodiesel or bioethanol.
Ammonium is a preferred nitrogen form by algal cells for its metabolism; however,
nitrifying bacteria present in wastewater may transform ammonium into nitrate and
nitrite and may lead to nitrate pollution. Nitrate pollution is inevitable if it
is not consumed by aquatic plants including algae. However, the consumption of nitrate
by algae (to be later transformed into ammonium) depends on the presence of enzyme
which on the other hand needs cofactors like iron and molybdenum which may or may
not be present. The uptake of ammonium by algae may be affected by the presence
of heavy metals in wastewater or aquatic ecosystem.
In the present study, the influences of trace metals (Ni, Zn and Cd) on growth and
the accumulation of major nutrient (ammonium) in Chlorella vulgaris in both free
and immobilized conditions were examined. The uptake was compared by applying Michaelis-Menten
kinetics over exposure period (2 h) and (4h). The stress effect varied significantly
in free and immobilized state. Uptake exhibited a competitive mode of inhibition
in the presence of Ni and Zn in both free and immobilized states of the organism.
However, Cd exhibited non-competitive and competitive inhibition in free and immobilized
cells respectively. ANOVA (3-way) revealed a significant variation between free
and immobilized cells (P<0.05) with respective change in metal type. The influence
of metal on nutrient was metal specific.
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Photocatalytic degradation of heavy metals from industrial
wastewater using sol-gel synthesized semiconductor nanomaterials ZnO and 2% Fe doped
ZnO
Isai Kalpesh Anil and Shrivastava Vinod Shankar
Page No. 52-59
The photocatalytic degradation of heavy metals from industrial
wastewater by using sol-gel synthesized semiconductor nanomaterials ZnO and 2% Fe
doped ZnO. The photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX analysis. The
industrial wastewater samples were collected from various industries. It is also
concluded from our previous physicochemical studies that heavy metals like chromium,
cadmium, lead and copper were present in wastewater. So, the area of concern is
to develop new photocatalytic methods for the treatment of industrial waste and
water purification with reference to toxic metals. Here all the experiments were
carried out in the batch process.
In this work the amount of chromium was removed using synthesized photocatalyst
with UV light. The maximum removal of Cr (VI) was observed at pH 2; out of these
photocatalysts, 2% Fe doped ZnO showed highest capacity for Cr (VI) removal than
ZnO. The removal of heavy metals has been studied by considering effluent concentration,
loading of photocatalyst, pH and contact time as operating variables. The degradation
was studied using spectrophotometric analysis.
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Preparation and characterization of TiO2 pillared
clay: effect of palladium and photosensitizer on photocatalytic activity
Hadj Bachir D., Khalaf H., Ferroukhi S., Boutoumi Y., Schnee J. and Gaigneaux E.M.
Page No. 60-73
A series of titania pillared Algerian montmorillonite
was prepared from Na-montmorillonite using titanium isopropoxide and hydrochloric
acid. Next to a reference clay pillared with TiO2 only(Mont-TiO2), a clay pillared
with the palladium doped TiO2 was also synthesized(Mont-(TiO2-Pd)) as well as a
TiO2-pillared clay photosensitized by the introduction of the methylene blue dye
into the suspension of the TiO2-pillared clay(Mont-TiO2)-BM.
The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro X-ray
fluorescence (µFX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Differential and thermo-gravimetric
analysis (DTA/TGA), Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), specific area and porosity
determinations. The prepared materials are porous and exhibit a good thermal stability
as indicated by their surface areas after calcination by microwave. Their photocatalytic
performance was evaluated in the photodegradation of phenyl urea herbicide (precisely,
Linuron). The TiO2 pillared clay (Mont-TiO2) is shown to be the best photocatalyst
in term of photocatalytic activity.
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Evaluation of cell viability suppression of purple
sweet potato extracts against MCF-7 cell line
Andri Rezano, Raden Ghita Sariwidyantry, Latifah Rahman Nurfazriah, Ludovicus Edwinanto,
Afrida Aizzatun Istiqomah, Taufik Gunawan, Firda Ridhayanti and Dany Hilmanto
Page No. 74-79
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy which occurs
in women. Purple sweet potato (PSP) (Ipomoea batatas L.) has been known to possess
high number of anthocyanins. Few reports are available concerning its anticancer
properties against T47D, WiDr, HL60 cell lines. In this study, the anticancer activity
of PSP extract and its role on cell viability suppression were examined. PSP was
extracted using ethanol. Cell viability and IC50 value were examined by trypan blue
exclusion and MTT assay. Viability cell percentage was counted using hemocytometer.
Cell morphology was examined using inverted light microscope. DNA fragmentation
was examined using the electrophoresis as a marker of apoptosis activation.
The results were analyzed by statistic calculation using ANOVA. The IC50 value was
found at the concentration 45 µg/ml (p= 0,016). Viability cell percentage is 61%
at 45 µg/ml. Cell morphology shows morphological change that leads to cell death.
DNA fragmentation appears on the samples incubated for 6 hours. PSP has the ability
to reduce cell viability and it has an anticancer activity by inducing breast cancer
cell death.
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Impact of aluminum oxide nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles
and their nanocomposites on Vigna radiata Seedling Growth
Dhawale V.P., Mohite K.C. and Kulkarni S.D.
Page No. 80-87
Wide use of nanoparticles (NPs) leading to their possible
escape into environment and their interaction with living organisms demands immediate
attention. We evaluated impact of nanomaterials (aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3
NPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), nanocomposites of Al2O3 NPs and AgNPs, Al2O3-1wt%Ag,
Al2O3-10wt%Ag) in different concentrations on early growth of Vigna radiata. Three
concentrations of nanoparticles viz. 50, 100, 150 mg/L were taken for the analysis.
Seed germination percent was not affected in all the concentrations of nanomaterials.
A significant positive influence on root length, wet and dry biomass, seedling vigor
index was observed for all seeds with respect to those of unexposed control germination.
In most nanomaterial concentrations, 100 ml/L showed positive response on dry weight
biomass. Inhibition on shoot length varied greatly among nanomaterials and the plant.
These results are significant in terms of use and disposal of nanoparticles.
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A study on the bioaccumulation and screening of toxic
metal ions in effluents, fodder and milk samples collected from Erode, Tirupur,
Coimbatore districts
Anuradha J., Gayathri N.S. and Muthulakshmi Andal N.
Page No. 88-93
Water pollution is a serious problem of concern due to
the potential health impacts of bioaccumulation in the food chain. Based on this
fact, a field study is conducted in the areas of three major polluting industries
viz. dyeing, tannery and plating located at Coimbatore, Tirupur and Erode pertaining
to ground water table contamination due to heavy metals from industrial discharges.
The outcome of the field study formed a baseline to investigate the accumulation
of toxic metal ions: Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Co, Cr, Mn and Ni in the effluent, fodder
and milk samples. A marked extremity of pollution is recorded against lead and chromium
concentrations in comparison to WHO permissible limits for effluents, diminishing
reflecting in the inherent increase of 7 and 5 fold times for fodder/ milk samples.
Also, reclamation studies are performed using naturally occurring eco-friendly materials
to minimize the extent of pollution in all the chosen samples. The analysis and
assessment of the results conclude that thus the materials possess excellent metal
chelating ability and serve as better choice in the heavy metal bioaccumulation
by treating the effluents even before being discharged into the soil environment.
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Dissolved inorganic phosphate uptake of microalgae
Oscillatoria sp to predict bioavailable Phosphorus
Askal Maimulyanti
Page No. 94-97
Dissolved inorganic phosphate is the phosphate available
for algae growth in aquatic environment. This experiment used microalgae Oscillatoria
sp to study phosphate uptake in the aquatic medium. The medium was spiked of phosphate
with a concentration of 10-50 ppm and incubation for 14 days. The maximum of phosphate
uptake with a spike of 50 ppm phosphate concentration resulted in 26.48 ppm phosphate
absorption and the optical density was 0.439.
The correlation between phosphate concentration and phosphate uptake of alga Oscillatoria
sp showed the linear correlation with R2 = 0.9919 and y = 0.5462x + 0.5124. The
phosphate uptake showed the bioavailability of phosphate to microalgae Oscillatoria
sp and can be used to control blooming algae in the aquatic environment.
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Photochemical properties and photodegradation mechanism
of the tricyclic antidepressant drug dosulepin
Ahmad Waseem and Chaturvedi Amit K.
Page No. 98-102
Light induced adverse side-effects of drugs are now an
important source of concern. In order to understand the mechanism underlying to
such effects, an in-depth photochemical study must be carried out. Dosulepin (1)
is a photosensitizing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It undergoes photodegradation
from its triplet excited state. The UV irradiation of Dosulepin leads to formation
of two main photoproducts characterized by N demethylation and keto derivates of
dosulepin. It photoionizes through a biphotonic mechanism producing a radical cation
and the solvated electron.
The main photoproducts were isolated by column chromatographic procedures and their
structure were elucidated by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental
analysis.
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Kinetic, Inhibition and Spectroscopic Studies of Thermostable
Enzyme Extracted from Persuasive Microbial Consortia Screened from Indian Coastal
Saline Shrubland Habitats
Chhabria Talreja Sarika and Maurya Chandra B.
Page No. 103-111
Mangrove Swamps are distinct saline shrubland habitats
adapted to life in harsh costal conditions providing a unique ecological site to
diverse microbial communities. Marine and estuarine micro-organisms represent one
of the most promising sources for probing newfangled enzymes with potential applications
in numerous industrial bioprocesses and chemical transformations. Owing to their
unique natural habitat, they exhibit explicit physiological attributes, metabolic
patterns and nutrient appropriation.
Proteolytic enzymes play a cardinal role in the metabolic processes; hence are imperative
for all life forms viz. plants, animals and prokaryotes like fungi, bacteria, viruses
etc. The escalated demand of proteases with desirable properties solicits exploration
of their novel production sources. The incumbent halophilic organisms in marine
environment are effulgent in a variety of proteases with an enormous salinity-stress
tolerant capacity. The plentitude of proteases affianced in them is largely unexplored
owing to mangrove’s confined ecosphere. With reference to the attributes affecting
their culture conditions, productiveness and enzyme characteristics, it was contemplated
to be succinct to characterize the enzyme by evaluation of its Kinetic parameters,
Inhibition studies and Spectroscopic assay. Thus, the present study focuses on characterization
of a thermostable protease extracted from persuasive microbial consortia screened
from Indian coastal shrubland habitats for plausible applications.
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Two chalcone derivatives from the tree bark of Cryptocarya
morotaiense
Fera Kurniadewi, Muktiningsih, Hanhan Dianhar, Irma Ratna Kartika and Dian Angrianis
Page No. 112-114
Two chalcone derivatives, cryptocaryone (1) and infectocaryone
(2) had been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the tree bark of Cryptocarya
morotaiense collected from Papua Island, Indonesia. The chemical structure of these
compounds was identified based on their spectroscopic data including UV and NMR
spectra. Cytotoxic effect against P-388 cells showed that both compounds were very
active with their IC50s less than 2.0 g/mL.
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Synthesis of Ruthenium(II) metallosurfactant complexes:
CMC determination, thermodynamic nature and antimicrobial activities
Suganthi Devi R. and Kumaraguru N.
Page No. 115-124
The two metallosurfactant moieties viz. [Ru(PPP)2(CA)Cl](ClO4)
(1) and [Ru(PPP)2(CA)2](ClO4)2 (2) [[PPP =pyrido[20,30:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline),
CA = cetylamine] were synthesized and characterized. A thorough attempt has been
made to apprehend the critical micelle concentration of the synthesized metallosurfactants.
The effect on aggregation behavior of the synthesized complexes has been investigated
using conductometric techniques. To gain better insight into micelle behavior of
surfactant, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactant has been calculated.
Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters of micelle formation viz. change in standard
free energy (∆G0m), change in standard enthalpy (∆H0m) and change in standard entropy
(∆S0m) have been investigated from the dependence of CMC on temperature. The effect
of these ruthenium(II) metallosurfactants against gram positive and gram negative
bacterial species along with fungal species has also been tested by measuring zone
of inhibition.
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Synthesis, characterization, semiconductor-assisted
photocatalysis and antibacterial activity of electrochemically synthesized SnS and
NiS/SnS nano photocatalysts
Hosaholalu Balakrishna Uma and Sannaiah Ananda
Page No. 125-135
In the present study, SnS and NiS/SnS nano photocatalysts
have been synthesized by simple electrochemical method. Their photocatalytic activity
and bacterial inactivation were investigated. The size, morphology, chemical composition
and optical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron
microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and Optical absorption
spectroscopy. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline SnS phase. The band gap
estimated from Tauc’s plot was 2.9 eV for SnS and 2.7 eV for NiS/SnS nanoparticles
showing that they are photoactive under UV light radiation.
The photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles was studied by degradation of textile
dye indigo carmine under ultraviolet radiation and the photocatalytic decolourization
of the dye follows first order kinetics. The antibacterial susceptibility of SnS
and NiS/SnS nanoparticles was evaluated by disc diffusion Kirby-Bauer method using
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
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Inhibition of HUVECs proliferation and cytotoxic activities
of xanthone derivatives from Garcinia mangostana
Elvira Hermawati, Lia Dewi Juliawaty, Euis H. Hakim, Kaoru Kinoshita, Miyuki Fukai,
Kunio Takahashi and Kiyotaka Koyama
Page No. 136-139
Six known xanthones, α-mangostin (1), β-mangostin (2),
γ-mangostin (3), 8-deoxygartanin (4), gartanin (5) and 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone (6)
have been isolated from the CHCl3 extract of the pericarps of Garcinia mangostana
(Guttiferae). Structures of these compounds were determined based on spectrocopic
data. Evaluation of inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on proliferation
of Human Umbellical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) revealed that β-mangostin (2)
is the most active compound with its IC50 value less than 1.0 µg/mL. Preliminary
cytotoxic test against P-388 cells showed that gartanin (5) was the most active
component with IC50 value at 1.3 g/mL.
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Zinc Ion Selective Membrane Electrode based on [(4-chloro-benzylidene)-thiourea]-amine
Dogra P., Sharma J. and Sharma N.
Page No. 140-147
The performance characteristics of polymeric membrane
electrodes based on [(4-chloro-benzylidene)-thiourea]-amine have been prepared for
the quantification of Zn2+ relative to a wide variety of other cations. Several
membranes having different compositions of epoxy resin and ionophore were fabricated
and the best response was observed for the membrane composition, sensor: epoxy in
the ratio of 40: 60 (w/w), it exhibited a very good response for Zn2+ in a wide
concentration range from 1.0×10−7 to 1.0×10−1 M with a slope of 22.82 ± 0.1mV per
decade of Zn2+ ion concentration having fast response time less than 3 second.
It can be used at least for 3 months without any difference in potential and the
effect of internal solution concentration was also studied. The working pH range
of this sensor was 1.0–9.8 and the practical utility of the sensor has been shown
by using it as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration with EDTA.
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Nightmares: The body’s message of toxicity
Shurrab Noura T., Shams Eddin Shahd S., Sammour Marwa A. and Arafa El-Shaimaa A.
Page No. 148-154
Nightmares are undesirable dreams that may cause sleep
disturbances. They occur most often during rapid eye movement and usually cause
waking up in the middle of the night. They can be triggered by several factors including
developmental, genetic, psychological and organic. Mechanisms proposed are disruption
of infantile amnesia and disturbances in the normal process of emotional regulations
for both sleeping and waking cycle.
Here, we are discussing that chronic nightmares can be a sign of toxicity due to
different factors such as carbon monoxide, smoking toxicity as well as mold and
fungal contamination in houses. This is an important consideration where neurologist
can recommend physiological instead of psychological treatments or counseling for
patients to prevent their nightmares by simply checking their blood level for toxic
agents. Unfortunately, those minor symptoms are usually ignored or misunderstood
to psychology related issues and by time, more severe complications develop which
could have been easily avoided.
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